أرشيف الوسم: عمران

As a result of climate change, we are witnessing a crisis that cannot be ignored. Our environment is rapidly degrading as we fail to battle climate change by any meaningful measures. Scientists worldwide agree that humans and urban developments are heading in the wrong direction. In this respect, Kuwait and other GCC countries’ urbanism faces two major challenges: lack of public transportation and rising temperatures.

Sudden wealth led to the rapid development and expansion of Kuwait’s urbanism in an attempt to fulfil the demand for larger single-family housing and other amenities. And, as the city grows and attracts more residence, the urban fabric sprawled outward — supported by wide networks of streets that encourage the population to rely on private vehicle travel. With severely limited transportation alternatives, we are trapped in an endless loop of cars, networks, and sprawl.

The wealth of the country and its residents resulted in the reliance on technology to address the harsh weather of Kuwait and other GCC countries in the design and construction of buildings. Further, conventional technologies have a high financial and environmental cost. We spend substantial money to make our buildings habitable, even though we cannot survive in them for two hours or more without electricity and HVAC systems.

In Kuwait and other Gulf countries, we have had an exceptional circumstance, whereby we feel that energy is cheap, as we enjoy high government subsidies for electricity and oil. This level of government support misleads the market and the general public and gradually influences our lifestyle and commercial practices.

Throughout the last fifty years, we have witnessed a strand of buildings that ignore any reference to the local environment and/or energy consumption. We see buildings in Kuwait and other Gulf countries that do not belong and can be erected anywhere in the world. Buildings are responsible for 72% of electricity consumption, and carbon emissions mostly come from the use of private cars and building energy consumption.

Our role as architects and planners shall be to focus on raising awareness. Architects should promote developments and buildings that aim to reduce carbon emission. We must demonstrate that saving energy is cheaper than buying it. For future sustainability, passive design approaches, high quality envelops, proper insulation, and smart responsive buildings technologies are key. Additionally, climate should shape our developments and buildings, not the other way around. Governments need to take steps to limit sprawl and make the general public realize the actual cost of energy and environmental consumption. Otherwise, we will never escape this loop, facing a catastrophic result.

The world is rapidly changing, and this change is creating and shaping new individuals as well as societies. Accordingly, concepts and values change as well; few of them resemble what was inherited from our past. The home acts as the nucleus for life in society, and the sum of the homes comprise of communities that share similar values. Then, these communities forge districts, cities, and the state itself.

Residential districts are crucial because their design directly influences the creation of personalities. As daily scenes are observed, they generate memories and confirm the values and customs of society at large. Further, the resulting environment produces the individuals through the lifestyle that it dictates.

The concept of the neighboring is deeply rooted in the Arabic and Islamic culture. Yet, under the modern state and its rule, neighborhoods lost their central position in society. We no longer see similar practices instilled in us by past generations. Gradually, we lost the meaning of (neighboring) due to various modern givens, such as:

• – In the past, people selected their home’s location naturally. People organized smoothly according to economic or professional divisions. Current situations prevent people from selecting their neighbors; the decision usually is dictated by economic factors or simply the chance of the location of social housing projects.
• – Previously, neighborhoods were divided flexibly. Fathers could simply deduct part of their estate to their sons, an estate could infringe on the public road if additional room was needed, or two buildings could be linked by a bridge, etc. However, modern planning organizes cities, limiting their freedom of use and division. Plot sizes and shapes, plot divisions, building, and expansion fell under strict laws and regulations. This led to people moving to newly established areas and contributed to the division of communities.
• – The constant relocation of people and the widespread of temporary housing (rent) weakened belonging and gave priority to the commercial relation over social ties.

In turn, the spirit of the residential neighborhood deteriorated, and people began to act differently. As a result, the nature of their relation to neighbors altered drastically:

• – Overcrowding and the scarcity of adequate housing led to increased competition among neighbors and lowered the spirit of compassion.
• – The lack of sense of citizenship caused a constant infringement on the public realm, and the rise of vandalism reflects the devaluing of public space.
• – Hierarchical decision making in conjunction with the vague process by which the state made decisions as well as the lack of partnership between official bodies and the people enhanced individualism and negligence.

The concept of neighboring is crucial. Intimate and close-net neighborhoods contribute to the happiness of citizens and their sense of belonging. Thus, Planners should maintain the concept of neighboring at the center of their thinking process. We must study public spaces carefully and find places that bring people together.

We need to utilize the locations of mosques, squares, playgrounds, and retail shops intelligently, as these are attractive meeting points for neighbors. Sidewalks must be designed carefully and take into consideration a building’s scale/orientation and building regulations must be compatible with people’s needs and lifestyle. We will succeed once our designs suit our lifestyle and create places that call for unity rather than competition and provide instead of subtract.

يتجه المخططون اليوم إلى مناهضة التوسع العمراني وإقامة مدن جديدة،  ويحثون على تحسين المناطق الحضرية القائمة على أسس بيئية وعمرانية سليمتين، والعمل على رفع الكثافات، وتنويع الاستعمالات، وتطوير بنى تحتية، ووسائل نقل متنوعة صديقة للبيئة.

وها هي الكويت تتجه نحو إنشاء مشروع مدينة الحرير والجزر الكويتية، تحت ما يُسمى بمشروع الكويت الجديدة، وقد أخذت الحكومة مجموعة من الخطوات الفعلية في هذا المجال، لاسيما تأسيس جهاز متخصص، وتوقيع اتفاقات مع حكومة جمهورية الصين الشعبية، وعلى هذا الأساس ونظراً لطبيعة المواقع المزمع تنميتها، وجدت أنه من المناسب إلقاء الضوء على تجربةٍ شبيهةٍ قامت بها الصين قبل إحدى عشرة سنة وهي مدينة تانجين.

ففي عام ٢٠٠٨ قامت حكومتا الصين وسنغافورة بتوقيع اتفاقية إطارية للتعاون لإنشاء مدينة صديقة للبيئة في تانجين على مساحة تبلغ ٣٠ كم مربع لكي تستوعب عدد ٣٥٠ ألف نسمة، وقد استقطبت المدينة عدد ٦٠٠شركة للعمل على إنشائها وبلغت قيمة الاستثمار بها ٧ بلايين دولار.

وقد تم إعداد مخططٍ هيكليٍّ للمدينة مبنيٍّ على نظام المؤشرات يضم ٢٢ مؤشراً إلزامياً وعدد أربعة مؤشرات إرشادية، بحيث تكون هذه المؤشرات كافية؛ لكي يسهل قياسها، وضمان الالتزام بها.

ويعمل المخطط الهيكلي للمدينة على إنشاء مدينة صديقة للبيئة، طبقت مبادئ مدن الحدائق، بحيث يقل اعتماد سكانها على السيارات الخاصة، فالاستعمالات بها موزعه باتزان، وهي مزودة بأنظمة نقلٍ عامةٍ حديثةٍ تعمل على الطاقة الكهربائية وممرات  للمشاة،  وللدراجات الهوائية، بالإضافة إلى تطبيق أنظمة بناء و أنظمة تساهم في  خفض استهلاك الطاقة دقيقة جداً.

وتجدر الإشارة إلى أن موقع المدينة كان على أرض مستنقعات، وذا تربة شديدة الملوحة  وملوثة، حيث تضم موقعاً عمره ٤٠ سنة كان يتم به تجميع مياه المجاري والمخلفات الصناعية. لذا تم استخدام أحدث التقنيات والبحوث لمعالجة الموقع، وحصلت الصين على ثلاث براءات اختراع من جراء هذا المشروع.

واليوم وبعد إحدى عشرة سنة من بداية أعمال الإنشاءات، فالمدينة ناجحة ويسكنها ١٠٠ ألف نسمة، وخلقت ما يزيد عن٣٠ ألف وظيفة.

إن هذه التجارب الفريدة تستحق النظر والتحليل، ويمكننا في الكويت أن نستقي منها بعض الدروس الآتية:

– أن التعاون مع الدول المتقدمة يمكن أن يعزز العلاقات، وينقل التكنولوجيا، ويحقق نتائج ناجحة.

– أن التعاون الإقليمي بين الدول، أصبح حتمياً و دارجاً و ناجحاً.

– المدن الجديدة يجب أن تكون صديقة للبيئة، فهذا أصبح أمر بديهي ولم يعد رفاهيةً.

– المشاريع العملاقة توفر فرص لإقامة البحوث العلمية، وتجربة الاختراعات الحديثة التي تُعلي من شأن الجهات الأكاديمية والبحثية في الدولة.

– المدن الجديدة فرصة لبث روحٍ جديدةٍ، وتحسين أسلوب الحياة السلبي الذي اعتاد عليه الناس.

وإن كنا ولا بد مقبلين على إنشاء مدن جديدة وتنمية الجزر الكويتية، وهي مواقع ذات قيمة بيئية كبيرة، فعلينا أن نضع معايير تصميمية عالية، وأن لا نضيع الفرصة ونحولها إلى ساحات للاستثمار العقاري الرخيص والمضاربات الاستثمارية الوهمية والكتل الخراسانية الفارغة.

Today’s city planners oppose urban sprawl and the construction of new cities. Planners tend to encourage the development of existing urban conditions based on sound urban and environmental principals through increasing densities, mixed land-uses, improving infrastructure and environmentally friendly public transport alternatives.

The state of Kuwait is moving toward the establishment of the Silk City and islands project under the banner of the New Kuwait Project. The government has taken numerous steps toward this goal, including the establishment of a dedicated agency and signing a framework agreement with the government of China. Due to the unique natural setting of the land planned for development, it’s important to shed a light on a similar experiment that China carried eleven years ago, the city of Tianjin.

In 2008, China and Singapore’s government signed a framework agreement to create an environmentally friendly city in Tianjin on 30 KM² of land to accommodate 35,000 residents. The project attracted more than 600 companies and more than 7 billion USD in investments.

The master plan of Tianjin’s city was based on 22 mandatory indicators and four guiding indicators. Further, all indicators were quantitative to allow monitoring and ensure adherence.

The master plan was aimed to create an environmentally friendly city that applies the garden city principals. Subsequently, the plan sought to mitigate the dependency on private cars through well-distributed land uses, the provision of high-quality public transport systems and pedestrian walkways and bicycle lanes — in addition to strict building codes and energy use.

It’s also worth noting that the location of the city was heavily polluted due to 40 years of dumping wastewater as well as industrial waste. Inovative technology was used to clean the site. China received three patents as a result of research and technology invented for this project.

Today, eleven years after the start of its construction, the city is successful and considered a world-class smart city. It houses 100,000 residents and created more than 30,000 jobs.

Such outstanding experiments and success merits attention, and we Kuwaitis can learn many lessons such as:

 – Collaboration with advanced nations can strengthen relations, transfer technologies and produce successful results.

– In this age, regional collaboration among nations became inevitable, common and successful.

– New Cities must be designed as smart, environmental cities. This is a necessity and no longer a luxury.

– Megaprojects provide opportunities to conduct scientific research and experiments with new technologies, which provides a clear path to improve the quality of research and academic institutions in the country.

– New cities create a platform for the propagation of a new social spirit, correcting the negative lifestyles that the general public is accustom to.

Thus, if we must create new urban areas and urbanize some of the most valuable Kuwaiti islands, we should implement high standards for design. These high standards will ensure that the land will be developed to better serve society at large and not used in the creation of sites for cheap real-estate investment, delusive speculations and empty concrete masses.