أرشيف الوسم: history

Time passes over cities and leaves its impact on people and buildings alike. Time is relative, and its impact varies from one location to another. Similarly, science and technology impact the notion of time and affect the way people live everywhere. Life in the country differs from city life in terms of timing and the need for speed. In traditional societies, seasons govern the way people use space; and for Muslims, the five prayer times determine their daily activities.

With modernization and the changing nature of work, work became a routine; and the clock now rules the daily activities of people. Also, means of transport altered the way people view time. While in the past walking controlled how we perceived time, today the vehicle speed organizes how people communicate.

Additionally, the mobile phone revolutionized communication.  It removed barriers from the public and private spheres. It canceled the notion of space completely. As such, people’s activities could take place anytime, anywhere; and as a result, the physical place lost its value completely.

Even buildings that used to be designed and built to last were designed carefully with attention to minute details that allow pedestrians to enjoy their elegant facades. Today, buildings are designed, built swiftly and expected to last for 40 years only. We no longer justify the need to supplement buildings with details as the fast-moving eyes can only notice their silhouettes.

Places and buildings carry traces of memories, meaning and history. Thus, world cities preserve historical sites and buildings. Cities act beyond that and also preserve modern buildings that carry architectural and historical significance. We can import stones and technology, but we can’t buy history, memory and meaning. Such intangible qualities carry the secrets of specificity, the chests of the past and the keys to the future.

We need to replant the value of place and time through the design of our cities, public spaces and architecture. The built environment determines the quality of the places we live in. When designed carefully, it can create a lively environment that brings us to reality and enriches our daily experiences.

Kuwait as well as other GCC countries faced severe rainstorms that broke rainfall records and exceeded the capacities of stormwater networks. Further, extreme flooding on certain roads and urban areas caused tremendous damage to public and private properties and paralyzed movement and businesses, leading to direct and indirect financial losses of enormous scale. According to Kuwaiti officials, the damage resulted in 300 Million KD (1 billion USD) in damages.

Flowing and drifting stormwater carries a variety of microbes and bacteria as it reaches the shores of the gulf. In turn, this contamination leads to many environmental and health problems. The core problem is the geographic changes, the urban expansion, and construction — which covers wide areas of land. The covering of natural land with pavement, asphalt, buildings, and other civil structures also obstruct torrent movement and prevent natural soil from absorbing excess water.

The conventional solution is to construct wide networks, deep tunnels, and underground tanks at the cost of millions of dollars. However, this problem is more complex and requires a holistic solution to treat the underlying problems presented by stormwater. This holistic solution is based on three axes: social awareness, respect for the environment, and smart design.

Social awareness:

A smart city cannot be created without smart citizens. Smart citizens prioritize the protection of the natural environment. They are active and support governmental efforts to execute environmentally friendly projects.

The aware citizen — whether an individual or a member of a business — is law-abiding and does not pollute the network. In some cases, citizens may participate in the upkeep and cleaning of the infrastructure.

Respect the environment:

Smart cities respect the environment and intelligently integrate their infrastructure with the land’s unique characteristics in mind. Strategic decisions, such as the allocation of land for future cities, contain the natural terrain. Despite public and political pressures, some land must be left undeveloped. And so, respect for the environment entails understanding and acknowledging that development in some areas is untenable — regardless of these pressures.

Smart Design:

Establishing a smart city begins with a design concept based on accurate data and deep understanding of site, topography, and history. The form of the city and land-use distribution must fit with the natural land, its slopes, and torrent paths. Smart cities must allocate open spaces to collect stormwater and green land to allow the natural soil to absorb rainwater. Even walkways must be paved specifically to allow for the penetration of water to the ground. The same goes with landscaping which should use tree trenches and water ponds to collect water and allow it to be absorbed and infiltrated into the ground.

Smart city employees use the latest technology to monitor infrastructure and allocate failures into their systems. Today, the internet of things (IoT) is supported with geographic information systems that allow for smart monitoring of performance and efficient management of stormwater networks.

Architectural design can also work to contribute to the environment that it occupies. Today, most buildings are designed to push excess water toward roads and neighbors; this practice increases the pressure on the networks. Also, smart buildings use green roofs to collect water for future use, or at least, slow the flow of rainwater toward the network during storms to mitigate its negative impact during peak hours.

Cities can adapt to natural climate and become safe, comfortable places for residents to live. Although heavy rains present challenges to communities, it can also be transformed into a source of natural water. However, to meet these goals, we must raise awareness, respect the environment, and design our urban projects smartly.

تعرَّضت الكويت وبعض بلدان الخليج العربي لموجة أمطارٍ غزيرةٍ استثنائيةٍ، حطَّمت المعدلات القياسية، وتركَّزت عند ساعات محدودة، وفاقت القدرة الاستيعابية لشبكات تصريف مياه الأمطار، الأمر الذي أدَّى إلى حدوث فيضانات في بعض الطرق والمناطق الحضرية، مما خلّف أضراراً جسيمةً في: الممتلكات الخاصة والعامة، وتسبَّب بشللٍ في حركة الناس والأعمال، وأدَّى إلى خسائر مباشرة وغير مباشرة بلغت بحسب التقديرات الحكومية في دولة الكويت إلى 300 مليون دينارٍ كويتي.

فهذه المياه التي تسيل ويتم تصريفها باتجاه البحر، تجرف معها أنواعاً مختلفة من الجراثيم والبكتيريا والميكروبات، التي تؤدِّي إلى حدوث عددٍ من المشاكل البيئية والصحية، إلا أننا يجب أن ندرك بأنَّ المشكلة الأساسية تعود إلى التغييرات الجغرافية الكبيرة التي أحدثناها، والتوسُّع العمراني، والتَّعمير الذي غطَّى مساحات شاسعة من الأرض، إذ أنَّ تغطية مساحات واسعة بالإسفلت والبلاط والمباني والمنشآت أدَّى إلى إعاقة حركة السيول، ومنع امتصاص الأرض للمياه.

إنَّ الحلَّ التقليدي هو إنشاء شبكاتٍ فعَّالةٍ، وحفر أنفاق عميقةٍ، وخزَّانات تكلِّف ملايين الدنانير؛ لمعالجة هذه الظواهر الطبيعية، و لكن -كأي مشكلة معقدة- فإنَّ هذه الأمطار الموسمية تتطلب حلولاً وإجراءاتٍ مُركَّبةً، وهذه الإجراءات المُركَّبة قائمةٌ على ثلاثة محاور رئيسية: الوعي المجتمعي، واحترام البيئة الطبيعية، والتصميم الذكي.

الوعي المجتمعي:

لا يمكن إقامة مدينةٍ ذكيَّةٍ دون مواطنين أذكياء، فالمواطن الذكي يُعطي أولويةً للمحافظة على البيئة، وينشِّط حكومته ويساندها؛ من أجل تنفيذ مشاريع صديقة للبيئة، كما أنَّ المواطن الذكي يدعم خطط الحكومة في إنشاء مشاريع حديثة لتطوير شبكات الصرف، وغيرها من البنى التحتية الصديقة للبيئة.

المواطن الواعي فرداً كان أو مؤسسةً تجاريةً،  لا يخرق القوانين و لا يرمي النفايات في شبكات الصرف،  ولا مانع في أنْ يقوم المواطن في المساهمة في الحفاظ على البنية التحتية، وإبقائها نظيفةً وسليمةً.

احترام البيئة:

المدينة الذكية تحترم البيئة وتتكامل معها، والقرارات الاستراتيجية كتخصيص مواقع المدن يجب أن تراعي الطبيعة الطبوغرافيا، و مهما يكن الضغط السكاني والسياسي، فإنِّ بعض الأراضي يجب أن تترك خاليةً !

التصميم الذكي:

إن إقامة المدينة الذكية يبدأ من فكرة التصميم الذكي، المبني على المعلومات الدقيقة، والفهم العميق للموقع، والطبوغرافيا، والتاريخ، ويجب أن يتماشى شكل المدينة وتوزيعها مع طبيعة الأرض وميولها والممرات الطبيعية لمرور السيول، كما يجب أنْ تضم المدن فراغات كافية لتجميع مياه الأمطار، ومساحات خضراء مفتوحة تمكن التربة الطبيعية من امتصاص مياه الأمطار، وحتى ممرات المشاة المبلطة يجب أن تنفذ بأسلوبٍ يسمح لمياه الأمطار من المرور خلالها، ثمَّ الوصول إلى باطن الأرض، كما أنَّ المزروعات التجميلية يمكن تنفيذها بأساليب تسمح بمرور أكبر قدر من مياه الأمطار الفائضة إلى باطن الأرض، ومن الحلول أن تصمم ساحات عامة ذات ميول معينة وأحواضٍ تعمل على تجميع مياه الأمطار، وتسهِّل ترشيحها إلى قاع الأرض.

المدينة الذكية توظِّف أحدث الأنظمة التقنية لمراقبة البنى التحتية، ورصد الطوارئ، وتحديد مواقع الخلل في البنى التحتية.

واليوم (إنترنت الأشياء)  وما يرافقها من أنظمة المعلومات الجغرافية التي تتيح مراقبة أداء الشبكات بل والتحكم بها بسهولة.

إنَّ التصميم المعماري الذكي يُراعي البيئة كذلك، وتكمن المشكلة اليوم في أن ما يقوم به المصممون هو دفع مياه الأمطار باتجاه الطرق أو الجيران، وهذا يزيد المشكلة سوءاً، أمَّا المباني الذكية الصديقة للبيئة تستعمل أسطحاً خضراء، وتعمل على تجميع مياه الأمطار، والاستفادة منها للمستقبل، أو على أقل تقدير إبطاء دفعها باتجاه الشبكة أو الشوارع، مما يُخفف من الأضرار أثناء فترات العواصف المطرية.

الإنسانُ قادرٌ على التَّأقلم مع الظروف الطبيعية، وإنشاء بيئةٍ مريحةٍ للعيش بأمانٍ وراحةٍ، كما أنَّ الأمطار الغزيرة يُمكن أن توفر فرصاً للاستفادة من المياه، و لكن لكي يتم تحقيق هذه الاهداف لا بد من رفع مستوى الوعي المجتمعي، وتحقيق احترام البيئة، وتصميم المشاريع بذكاء.

This post stresses the interchangeable relationship between citizens and the built environment. A city’s success depends on the acts of its citizens, as their ability to lead a good life depends greatly on the quality of their city, the urban milieu, and implemented governance systems.

Citizen is defined as a “member of a political group that enjoys citizenship rights and carries its duties”. Encyclopedia Britannica defines citizenship as the “relationship between an individual and a state to which the individual owes allegiance, and in turn, is entitled to its protection”. Citizenship implies the status of freedom with accompanying responsibilities. Being a citizen of a specific city entails a wider notion; it is a feeling that a successful city gives and contributes to its development.

Civic spirit is reflective of how citizens view and can act within their city. Cities flourish through their citizens. The success and happiness of citizens depend on the quality of the built environment. The more the relationship between citizens and their city is characterized as positive, the more their feeling of pride increases, and the civic spirit and civic society thrives alongside it.

The active “good” citizen establishes a successful city that facilitates his/her life, protecting him/her from fear, hunger, anxiety, and all forms of discomfort. However, planning is crucial to creating such a city, as successful cities are not built by chance but created by clear visions, good plans, and fierce commitment. Urban Planning and urban design are crucial to creating an urban environment that incubates citizens and provides all of their necessary means. Thus, what are the conditions for such interchangeable relations between citizens and their city?

Law abiding citizen and fair city

A conformist citizen, whether a leader or follower, is a law-abiding, ethical, and honest in all his/her dealings. He/she is a generous citizen that seeks to assist those in need and creates opportunities to facilitate the success of others. Moreover, such citizens need a city that does not tolerate corruption and enforces sound, fair, and smooth procedures.

Active citizen within an open city:

A good city needs active participant citizens — who hold a high sense of individuality and responsibility. Such citizens participate in public debates and express their opinion in a positive manner. Further, they seek to contribute to the enhancement of other lives and the creation of solutions to help all of their city’s members. Similarly, citizens need a city that welcomes all and provides spaces for debate and the exchange of ideas. These cities must also value freedom and protects the right of all.

Creative citizen and an environment that stimulates creativity:

A successful city requires vigilant, aware citizens with clear goals. These citizens must also notice areas of weakness and search for solutions and provide initiates and proposals. At the same time, the city must be open and flexible enough to encourage public gathering and the exchange of ideas — while providing resources for its citizens to accomplish their projects and dreams